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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 50(1): 337-346, Mar. 2002.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-333018

ABSTRACT

A comparative study was performed on the venoms of adult specimens of the neotropical rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Venezuela and Brazil, together with the venom of newborn specimens of C. d. durissus from Costa Rica. Venoms from Brazil (C. d. terrificus) and from newborn specimens of C. d. durissus presented an electrophoretic pattern characterized by the predominance of bands with molecular mass of 36 and 15 kDa, whereas those of adult specimens of C. d. durissus from Guatemala and Costa Rica, and C. d. cumanensis from Venezuela, showed a conspicuous band of 62 kDa, and additional bands of 36, 29 and 15 kDa. Moreover, venoms from C. d. terrificus and C. d. cumanensis showed a prominent band of < 10 kDa that probably corresponds to crotamine, since a 'crotamine-like' activity was detected in these venoms upon intraperitoneal injection in mice. Venoms of C. d. terrificus, C. d cumanensis and newborn C. d. durissus induced higher lethal and myotoxic effects than those of adult C. d. durissus. In contrast, adult C. d. durissus and C. d. cumanensis venoms induced hemorrhage, whereas venoms of C. d. terrificus and newborn C. d. durissus lacked this effect. All venoms showed coagulant effect in plasma, the highest activity being observed in the venom of newborn C. d. durissus. An anti-crotalic antivenom produced by Instituto Butantan (Brazil), using C. d. terrificus venom as antigen, was effective in the neutralization of lethal, myotoxic and coagulant effects of all venoms studied, being ineffective in the neutralization of hemorrhagic activity of the venoms of C. d. cumanensis and C. d. durissus. On the other hand, a polyvalent antivenom produced by Instituto Clodomiro Picado (Costa Rica), using the venoms of C. d. durissus. Bothrops asper and Lachesis stenophrys as antigens, was able to neutralize lethal, myotoxic, coagulant and hemorrhagic effects of C. d. durissus venom, but was ineffective in the neutralization of lethality and myotoxicity of C. d. terrificus, C. d. cumanensis and newborn C. d. durissus venom. The high toxicity of South American and newborn C. d. durissus venoms is related to the presence of high concentrations of the neurotoxic phospholipase A2 complex 'crotoxin'. Accordingly, antivenom from Instituto Butantan has a much higher titer of anti-crotoxin antibodies than antivenom from Instituto Clodomiro Picado. Crotalus durissus represents an example of intraspecies variation in venom composition and pharm


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Crotalus , Crotalid Venoms/classification , Brazil , Costa Rica , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Guatemala , Crotalid Venoms/pharmacology , Venezuela
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 40(1): 95-9, abr. 1992. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-113474

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron algunos componentes sanguíneos en un grupo de seis caballos inmunizados por primera vez con venenos de serpientes para la producción de suero antiofídico polivalente en Costa Rica. No hubo cambios significativos en los valores de hematocrito y hemoglobina, aunque las proteínas totales sufrieron un pequeno pero significativo aumento en la segunda mitad del esquema de inmunización, probablemente relacionado con un aumento en la producción de globulinas. No hubo cambios significativos en los niveles de CK, mientras que las enzimas TGO y TGP aumentaron levemente, sin sobrepasar el límite superior normal. Estos resultados sugieren la ausencia de lesiones tisulares importantes en músculo esquelético, músculo cardíaco e hígado. Los caballos presentan únicamente alteraciones locales en el sitio de inoculación del veneno, caracterizadas por edema, abscesos y fístulas. No se observó ningún tipo de alteración sistémica. Se observó una gran variabilidad individual en el desarrollo de la respuesta de anticuerpos anti-fosfolipasa A2


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Antivenins/biosynthesis , Horses/immunology , Snake Venoms/immunology , Costa Rica , Creatine Kinase/blood , Hematocrit , Hemoglobins/analysis , Immunoglobulins/blood , Immunization/adverse effects , Blood Proteins/analysis , Snake Venoms/adverse effects , Time Factors , Transaminases/blood
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 36(2B): 511-7, nov. 1988. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-103745

ABSTRACT

A monovalent antivenom was produced by immunozing two horses with venom of the pit viper Bothrops asper (Ophidia: Viperidae). Although development of the immune response against four toxic and enzymatic activitiesof the venom was similar in both horses during the first two thirds of the immunization schedule, antibody response in one of the horses reached much higher levels in the last part of the immunization. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis indicates that there were precipitating antibodies in the sera of these horses during all the stages of immunization. However, immunoprecipitation did not correlated with the ability of sera to neutralize toxic activities of B. asper venom. Monovalent antivenom was more effective than the commercialy available polyvalent antivenom in the neutralization of Bothrops asper venom. On the other hand, despite the fact that it neutralizes lethal and hemorrhagic activities of the venoms of Lachesia muta and Crotalus durissus, it was less effective than polyvalent antivenom in these neutralizations. Moreover, it does not neutalize defibrinating activity induced by these two venoms, whereas it neutralizes this effect in the case of B. asper venom. It is proposed that monovalent antivenom my be highly effective in the case of envenomations induced by Bothrops asper venom; its use in treating accidentsby L. muta and C. durissus would be indicated only of polyvalent antivenom is not available. Results also demonstrate that it is important to monitor antibody response individually in horses being immunized for antivenom production, due to the conspicuous variability in the response of different animals.


Subject(s)
Animals , Antivenins/isolation & purification , Crotalid Venoms/immunology , Horses/immunology , Immunization , Antibody Formation , Antivenins/biosynthesis , Antivenins/supply & distribution , Antivenins/therapeutic use , Immunoelectrophoresis
4.
Rev. costarric. cienc. méd ; 9(2): 155-69, jun. 1988. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-94568

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se revisan y discuten una serie de aspectos relativos a la produccion, estabilidad y capacidad neutralizante en el suero antiofidico polivalente producido en el Instituto Clodomiro Picado. Este suero hiperinmune, en su forma liquida, es estable por tres años en refrigeracion en tanto que la forma liofilizada es estable por 5 años, sin requerir refrigeracion. Los diferentes lotes de suero son uniformes en lo que respecta a su capacidad neutralizante contra las actividades toxicas de los venenos. La capacidad neutralizante de este suero a sido investigada mediante dos tipos de experimento:(a.aquellos a los que el suero se incuba con el veneno previo a su inoculacion en animales de experimentacion; y (b) aquellos en que el suero se administra por la via intravenosa a diferentes intervalos de tiempo despues de la inoculacion del veneno. Los resultados obtenidos señalan que el suero es eficiente en la neutralizacion de los efectos toxicos y enzimaticos inducidos por las serpientes costarricenses de la familia viperidae, cuando suero y veneno se incuban previo a su inoculacion. Esta neutralizacion tambien se ha demostrado contra venenos de serpientes de otros paises de centro y Sudaamerica. Por otra parte, cuando el suero se administra despues de innoculado el veneno, los efectos locales (mionecrosis, hemorragia local y edema) son neutralizados solo parcialmente, en tanto que los efectos letal y defibrinante se neutralizan con mayor eficacia estas observaciones se explican por el hecho de que los efectos locales se desencadenan con una rapidez tal que, cuando se administra el suero, ya se ha iniciado el desarrollo de estas alteraciones locales. Se concluye que el suero polivalente contiene anticuerpos eficaces en la neutralizacion de las actividades toxicas y enzimaticas de estos venenos; sin embargo, la neutralizacion de los efectos locales, en la practica, se hace dificil siendo necesaria una rapida administracion de un volumen suficiente de suero antiofidico


Subject(s)
Humans , Immune Sera , Snakes/immunology , Costa Rica
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